JARINGAN KOMPUTER

1. Jaringan komputer
1.1 Latar belakang dan sejarah
sejarah jaringan komputer secara global/dunia dimulai pada tahun 1969 ketika departemen pertahanan Amerika, U.S Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) memutuskan untuk mengadakan riset tentang bagaimana caranya menghubungkan sejumlah komputer sehingga membentuk jaringan organik. Program riset ini dikenal dengan nama ARPANET. Pada 1970, sudah lebih dari 10 komputer yang berhasil dihubungkan satu sama lain sehingga mereka bisa saling berkomunikasi dan membentuk sebuah jaringan.
Tahun 1972, Roy Tomlinson berhasil menyempurnakan program e-mail yang ia ciptakan setahun sebelumnya untuk ARPANET. Program e-mail ini begitu mudah sehingga langsung menjadi populer. Pada tahun yg sama, icon @juga diperkenalkan sbg lambing penting yg menunjukkan “at/pada”. Tahun1973, jaringan komputer ARPANET mulai dikembangkan meluas ke luar Amerika Serikat. Computer university d London merupakan computer pertama yg ada di luar AS yg menjadi anggota jaringan ARPANET. Pada tahun yg sama, dua orang ahli komputer yaitu Vinton Cerf dan Bob Kahn mempresentasikan sebuah gagasan yg lebih besar, yg menjadi cikal bakal pemikiran international Network. Ide ini dipresentasikan untuk pertama kalinya di Universitas Sussex. Setahun kemudian sudah lebih dari 100 komputer yg bergabung di ARPANET membentuk sebuah jaringan.
Pada tahun 1979, Tom Truscott , Jim Ellis dan Steve Bellovin, menciptakan newsgroups pertama yg diber nama USENET. Tahun 1981 France Telecom mencptakan gebrakan dengan meluncurkan telpon televisi pertama, dimana orang bisa saling menelpon sambil berhubungan dengan video link.
Karena computer tg membentuk jaringan semakin hari semakin banyk, maka dibutuhkan sebuah protocol resmi yg diakui oleh semua jaringan. Pada tahun1982 dibentuk Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) dan Internet Protocol (IP).
Sementara itu di Eropa muncul jaringan komputer yang dikenal dengan EUNET, yg menyediakan jasa jaringan computer di Belanda, Inggris, Denmark dan Swedia. Jaringan EUNET menyediakan jasa e-mail dan newsgroup USENET. Untuk menyeragamkan alamat di jaringan computer, maka pada tahun 1984 diperkenalkan Domain Name System (DNS).
Komputer yang tersambung dengan jaringan yg ada sudah melebihi 1000 komputer. Pada tahun 1987 jumlah computer yg tersambung ke jaringan melonjak 10 kali lipat menjadi 10.000 lebih.
tahun 1990 adalah tahun yg paling bersejarah, ketika Tim Berners Lee menemukan program editor dan browser yg bisa menjelajah antara satu computer dengan computer yg lainnya, yg membentuk jaringan. Program inilah yg disebut www atau world wide web.
Tahun 1992, computer yg saling tersambung membentuk jaringan sudah melampaui 1 juta computer dan di tahun yg sama muncul istilah surfing atau menjelajah. Tahun 1994, situs-situs dunia maya telah tumbuh menjadi 3.000 alamat halaman, dan untuk pertama kalinya virtual shopping atau e-retail muncul di situs. Di tahun yg sama Yahoo! Didirikan.
1.2 Model OSI
Untuk menyelenggarakan komunikasi berbagai vendor komputer diperlukan sebuah aturan baku yg standar dan disetujui berbagai pihak. Maka dari itu badan dunia yang menangani masalah standardisasi ISO (International Standardization Organization) membuat aturan baku yang dikenal dengan nama model referensi OSI (Open System Interconnection). Dengan demikian diharapkan semua vendor berpedoman pada model OSI dalam mengembangkan protokolnya. Model OSI merupakan salah satu model yang merupakan gambaran kerangka proses komunikasi data di dalam jaringan.
Model OSI terdiri dari 7 layer,berikut layer-layer yang ada pada model OSI :
1. Physical/fisik
Physical layer merupakan layer pertama, akan tetapi biasa di list pada urutan terakhir dibagian bawah untuk menekankan bagaimana suatu pesan dikirim melalui jaringan. Physical layer berhubungan dengan karakteristik dari media transmisi.
2. Data link layer
Data link layer menspesifikasikan aturan berikut ini:
• Koordinasi bits ke dalam kelompok-kelompok logical dari suatu informasi
• Deteksi dan terkadang mengoreksi error
• Mengendalikan alir data
• Identifikasi piranti jaringan protokol-protokol.
3. Network layer
Layer network mendefinisikan pengiriman paket dari ujung ke ujung. Untuk melengkapi pekerjaan ini, network layer mendefinisikan logical address, sehingga setiap titik ujung bisa diidentifikasi. Layer ini juga mendefinisikan bagaimana routing bekerja dan bagaimana route dipelajari sehingga semua paket bisa dikirim.
4. Transport layer
Layer 4 dari model OSI ini focus pada issue yg berhubungan pengiriman data kepada komputer lain seperti error recovery, segmentasi dari blok data dari aplikasi yang besar ke dalam potongan-potongan kecil untuk dikirim. Dan pada sisi computer penerima potongan-potongan tersebut disusun kembali.
5. Session layer /Sessi
Session layer mendefinisikan bagaimana memulai, mengontrol, dan mengakhiri suatu percakapan. Hal ini termasuk dalam Kendali dan manajemen dari berbagai pesan bidirectional sehimgga aplikasi bisa di notifikasi jika beberapa pesan telah lengkap.
6. Presentation layer /Presentasi
Tujuan utama presentation layer adalah mendefinisikan format data seperti text ASCII,text EBCDIC,binary, BCD dan juga jpeg, enkkripsi juga didefinisikan dalam presentation layer ini.
7. Application layer /Aplikasi
Application layer mendefinisikan interface antara software-software yg berkomunikasi, aplikasi yg memerlukan untuk berkomunikasi keluar dari computer dimana aplkasi tersebut berada.
Pada step-step layer terjadi peristiwa penyelubungan data/penambahan informasi (encapsulation)

VAGETOZ

Teguh Permana (vocal), Acep Gunawan alias Soni (guitar), Irman alias Nuky (guitar), Budi alias Eboth (bass), and Rudi alias Day (drum) are portrait the peoples who buoyant in musicianship. Vagetoz form in 12 may 1999. They diligent to follow multiple diverse festival in their hometown,Sukabumi until Bandung and its surroundings. they of course potentially plus lucky alias “Hoki”,in every festival they definite champion.

Since 2003, Vagetoz already have experience perform with famous bands, such as Ungu,Samsons, /Rif.

2004, they have an opportunity record album compilation, with one single entitled “Sebaiknya aku pergi” .

In under label SONY BMG, Vagetoz already launching solo album entitled “Sesuatu yang beda”. The music concept of this band is Pop emotion. music which use basically is pop, with melody which not crucial, and lyrics song which simple. Every songs be expression feeling actually, so they mention their concept music is pop emotion.
The songs in this albums such as “Saat kau Pergi”,”Betapa aku mencintaimu”,”Ervina”,”Sesuatu yang beda”,”Penyesalan”,etc.
Teguh (vocal) constitute fans of U2 and Muse, and confess their music much inspiration by this two band.

Ability vocal with tone falsetto become strength itself. In song entitled “Penyesalan”, vocal seen protrude. Vagetoz with album “Sesuatu yang beda” , trying for offer thing which different.

THE WINNER "A MILD LIVE WANTED 2008"

The next Rising stars 2008 fall within group band from Makasar, Magneto Band. This Band consist of Andika (vocal), Robby (guitar), Richard (drum), Uming (bass), and Emir (Keyboard) gain the upperhand 9 competitor, that is Butterfly (Yogyakarta), Blast (Jember), Kanan Lima (Bali), Blue Mint (Medan), Nukalima (Bandung), Nyawa (Banjarmasin), Mandeez (Bukittinggi), Upe (Jakarta), and Larocca (Palembang).

Assessment level of grand final A Mild Live Wanted 2008 already to do in “Taman Impian Jaya Ancol, Jakarta”. Grand jury are Krisna J Sadrach, Indra K Thamrin, Anton Wahyudi, Harry Santoso, Yonathan Nugroho, and Indrawati Widjaya.

From all finalist, grand jury think Magneto is superior in fill criteria assessment. The assessment consist of level commercial songs, character vocal, live performance, and miscianship.

Victory of Magneto publicized in concert A Mild Live Wanted Rising Star 2008 in Plenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center. This concert is closing tour A Mild Live Rising Star 2008 to 32 cities in Indonesia.

In last concert tour Rising Star 2008, all personnel from 10 band get opportunity perform with famous bands and singers, such as Nidji, Matta Band, d’Masiv, Pinkan Mambo, duo maia, Andra and the Backbone, The Titans, GIGI, Peterpan, Audy.
In this concert, also publicized that Group Butterfly from Yogyakarta as second winner, Blast from jember as third winner , and Kanan Lima from Bali as favorite winner.

PETERPAN Part 2

In 2003,PETERPAN underneath MUSICA studio’s lable, launching album debut “Taman Langit”. Music of PETERPAN with easy infiltrate in ears fans music Indonesia. Album debut “Taman Langit” clutched appreciation “Multi Platinum Award” and “SCTV Award” as album and new comer famous.

May 2004, PETERPAN return into studio record for draw up their second album which planned release at August. In phase final preparation album, in 18 July 2004, they hold concert in 6 city in Java and Sumatra within 24 hour.

Concert name “Breaking The Record, Konser untuk Sahabat” get started in Medan, then Padang, Pekanbaru, Lampung, Semarang, and the end in Surabaya. This concert admission as Record MURI.

August 2004,PETERPAN launching second album “Bintang di Surga”. one week after launch album Bintang di Surga sold until one million copy with first single “Ada Apa Denganmu”. The naming of A Phenomenon Band adhere to PETERPAN.
At period critical industry music Indonesia, album “Bintang di Surga” success achieve number sale 3 million copy. PETERPAN get much appreciations from album “Bintang di Surga” such as 7 AMI Award, 2 SCTV Award, Triple Platinum Award, MTV Music Award 2005, etc.

September 2005, PETERPAN release album movie soundtrack “Alexandria” and clutched Multi Platinum Award for sale this album soundtrack.

Oktober 2006, PETERPAN is crack. Andhika and Indra out from PETERPAN
May 2007, after vacuum 1 years, PETERPAN release third album “Hari Yang Cerah”. In this album, PETERPAN engage 2 additional band, David (keyboard) and Lucky (Bass).

PETERPAN Part.1

Andhika (keyboard) who have soul of music and big ambition, form TOPI Band in 1997. that moment he invite Uki (guitar), Andhika friend’s in SMUN 2 Bandung. Uki invite Ariel to join as vocalist. Andhika invite Abel (bass) and Ari (drum). With this formation,they begin practice. The music concept this band is Brits Alternative. Ari (Drummer) and Abel (Bass) decide out and formation TOPI Band go back. Finally, TOPI Band is disband without reason which surely.

In 2000,Andhika gather old personnel of TOPI Band.Now,position of Drummer hold by Reza and position of bassist hold by Indra. For give music color which more adult and more rich melody,so Loekman join in this band.
They changed the band name from TOPI Band to PETERPAN.

Journey’s PETERPAN begin in 2001 café to café in Bandung. They hope become home band in famous Café in Bandung. They perform in Café Ohara and Sapu Lidi,they present songs top 40,alternative rock such as Pearl Jam,Nirvana,U2,Cold Play,Creed,etc. In Sapu Lidi Café,potency of personnel PETERPAN seen by “Kang (Mr. Noey)” who be search filler Band for compilation album. They send 3 songs,that is “Taman Langit”,”Sahabat”,and “Mimpi yang Sempurna”. “Mimpi yang Sempurna” is chosen for compilation album “Kisah 2002 Malam”.

To be continue…..

Mulan Jameela

Raden Terry Tantri Wulansari alias Mulan Kwok or Mulan Jameela born in Garut,23 August 1982.Mulan started career from café’s singer in Jakarta and Bandung. She have ever joined in some band,such as Swara Coustic,Bandung All Star,and Dimensi Band.Mulan begin famous after become vocalist of Duo Ratu with Maia Estianty in 2005. With Ratu, Mulan release two albums,that is Ratu and Friends (2005) and No.Satu (2006). Both of the albums sold until hundreds thousand copy and bring into being Mulan become famous singer woman. Mulan success throw amounts hits such as “Teman Tapi Mesra (TTM)”,”Lelaki Buaya Darat”,and “Dear Diary”. The beginning in 31 January 2007 Mulan decide out of Duo Ratu.

In 28 may 2007 Mulan join with Republik Cinta Management (RCM). In january 2008 ,Mulan release solo’s album entitle “Mulan Jameela”. Of 10 (ten) songs ,Mulan choose hits single up-beat entitle “Makhluk Tuhan Paling Sexy”,”Wonder Woman”,and “Bukannya Aku Takut”.

In August 2008,release albums compilation entitle “The Best Of Republik Cinta Artist Vol.1”. in album compilation , Mulan contribute two songs and a hits single entitle “Sakit Bukan Main Sakit Minta Ampun” duet with Dewi-Dewi. Mulan’s voice which typical and sexy become every song have different character .

The Changcuters

The beginning of The Changcuters begin from the friendship of Tria,Qibil and Dipa who in the year 2000 study in faculty communication in a university in Bandung .In 19 September 2004 The Changcuters formed. Initially members of The Changcuters is Tria (Vocal), Qibil (guitar),and Dipa (Bass). And then for filler other instrument,they invite Alda (guitar),and Erick (Drum) as additional player. Alda is friend’s Qibil in senior high school and ever one band with Qibil. Erick is friend’s Qibil in junior high school. After exercise with their song’s matter,they felt ready come up. Finally,they try follow Band Audition to can come up in the event. Because Erick can not help at that moment,finally position of additional drummer changed by Irwan. Although Irwan has just once training, The Changcuters success get away and perform for the first time. Actually,Irwan’s position as drummer not take place stripper. Irwan out of position additional drummer in 2005. Justed with Irwan out of this band,Erick out of old band. Mindlessly, Tria ,Qibil and Dipa invite Erick again and decide Erick and Alda as unchanged members of The Changcuters. At the time will search record label,they meet Uki “Peterpan” who ever one band with Qibil and Erick. They initially just consult with Uki,but fate say other,simply Uki interested to produce The Changcuters because at that moment,Uki be try make new record label called Masterplan Records and The Changcuters become first release.“Mencoba Sukses “ is the first album of The Changcuters relese in 11 august 2006. After contract with Masterplan Records finish,The Changcuters found out bargain from a record label which very famous in Indonesia that is SONY BMG Indonesia.SONY BMG release repacked album last year in 2007.